Unemployment is a stage in demography where in human resources are willing to perform their services but the services to be performed do not exist.
Nature and Causes of unemployment in India
Nature of unemployment in India
Meaning of
unemployment:
Unemployment
is a stage in demography where in human resources are willing to perform their
services but the services to be performed do not exist.
Nature rural
unemployment: The nature of unemployment that exists
in rural areas is called rural unemployment. Rural unemployment is widely
prevalent in agricultural sector in the form of disguised unemployment. Rural
Employment is seasonal as well as cyclical.
Nature of urban
unemployment: The nature of unemployment that exists
in urban and semi-urban areas such as towns and cities is called urban
unemployment. Urban unemployment is largely a derived form of rural
unmployment. Rural work force migrate to urban areas in search of labour and
remain unemployed for most part of the year. A large number of skilled educated
youth remain unemployed for most part of the year. The rate of unemployment is
higher among the educated class.
Causes of unemployment in India
Unemployment
is a stage in demography where in human resources are willing to perform their
services but the services to be performed do not exist.
Causes
for unemployment: The main causes for unemployment in a developing country are –
1.
Pressure of population,
2.
Slow growth of agricultural sector,
3.
nature of technology used in the agricultural sector,
4.
The type of educational system practiced and
5.
The techniques of planning used.
1. Overgrowth of
Population increases unemployment: Rapid increase cf population
is the main cause for unemployment; Primary sectors are not job creators. The
pressure on land forces the responsibility of creating job opportunities to
secondary and tertiary sectors of economy. The proportion of increase in the
population is commensurate with proportion of increase in job opportunities.
Thus, population growth has an adverse impact on the employment.
2. Slow growth of
agricultural sector does not generate enough employment:
Agriculture sector is the backbone of a developing economy. The sector has been
growing at a slow pace resulting into lower productivity. Low productivity
indirectly influences creation of employment. Presence of disguised and
seasonal employment in the agricultural sector has become the main cause for
unemployment in the developing economy.
3. Modernization of
agricultural sector absorbs lower labour: Small
landholders use primitive technology. Primitive technology does not support
higher productivity. Secondly, agriculture sector in developing economy is
mainly controlled by large farmers who have consolidated land holding.
Technological progress has increased the productivity; but machines have
greatly replaced the labour force. This resulted in lower absorption of labour
force in agricultural sector.
4. The system of
education is not completely job oriented: The system of
education that is prevailing in developing countries is mainly knowledge based
and not completely job oriented. The present system of education is
concentrating on producing more clerks and officers and less entrepreneurs. The
skills required for self-employment is rarely taught in schools and colleges.
This has resulted in more men and women chasing fewer jobs. Present youth have
become job seekers than job creators.
5. Planning
strategies not adequate to generate more employment:
The economic planning adopted by the-planning authorities is not very
encouraging to the rural mass. Employment opportunities in rural areas have
dwindled. People migrate from rural areas to urban areas in search of jobs and
better civic amenities. People so migrated put pressure on urban employment.
Thus, planning strategies force more people to chase fewer jobs.
Measures to solve urban unemployment in India
The
nature of unemployment that exists in urban and semi-urban areas such as towns
and cities is called urban unemployment. Urban unemployment is largely a
derived form of rural employment. Rural work force migrate to urban areas in
search of labour and remain unemployed for most part of the year. A large number
of skilled educated youth remain unemployed for most part of the year. The rate
of unemployment is higher among the educated class.
Measures to
solve the problem -
1.
Introduction of radical reforms in the system of education would greatly help
to solve the problem of urban unemployment.
2.
Delibrate promotion of low capital intensity projects in industrial production
increases the job opportunities.
3.
Promotion of labour intensive methods of production in industries reduces
unemployment.
4.
Investment in industries with short-term gestation period has a direct effect
on job creation.
5.
Promotion of industrial activities in urban backward areas promotes employment
in those regions.
6.
Promotion of small-scale industries and greater encouragement for self-employment
would bring down urban unemployment.
7.
More investment in consumer goods industries than producer goods industries
will generate more employment.
Geography of India : Tag: Geography of India : - Nature and Causes of unemployment in India